Evidence mapPaperPMID 41884285Full record

ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026

Recent Advances in Glimepiride Solubility Improvement: A Focus on Formulation Technologies - A Narrative Review.

Valentina Fiftianingrum, Iyan Sopyan, Sandra Megantara, Cecep Suhandi

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Valentina FiftianingrumDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.
Iyan SopyanDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0001-7616-5176
Sandra MegantaraDepartment of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0003-4951-7740
Cecep SuhandiDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0001-7746-3271

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is classified as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug. Its severely limited aqueous solubility (<0.004 mg/mL at pH <7) leads to erratic and insufficient oral bioavailability, preventing consistent attainment of therapeutic plasma levels. This narrative review analyzes literature published between 2015 and 2025 from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. This review critically examines advanced formulation strategies designed to enhance Glimepiride's dissolution rate and aqueous solubility. Approaches are grouped into two categories: (1) solid-state modifications-including solid dispersions, co-crystals, and inclusion complexes-which alter the drug's solid state properties, with co-crystals reported to improve in vivo absorption by up to 2.66-fold; and (2) nanoparticle-based systems such as nanosuspensions and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), which increase surface area through particle size reduction, with nanosuspensions achieving up to a 6.58-fold solubility enhancement. The advantages and limitations of these technologies are evaluated to identify the most promising strategies for improving glimepiride's therapeutic performance and supporting better patient outcomes.

Indexed as

Hypoglycemic AgentsSulfonylurea CompoundsBiological AvailabilityChemistry, PharmaceuticalHumansInsulin SecretagoguesNanoparticlesParticle SizeSolubilityglimepirideHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin SecretagoguesSulfonylurea CompoundsBCS class IIglimepiridenanoparticle systemssolid-state modificationsolubility enhancement

Identifiers

PMID41884285
PMCPMC13012170

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.