Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41886256›Full record

ReviewReviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders2026

Vitamin D in Gut and Systemic Immune Tolerance and in Infections' Risk: An International Evidence-Based Consensus Statement.

John P Bilezikian, Luigi di Filippo, Antonio Bianchi, Daniel D Bikle, Neil Binkley, Roger Bouillon, Angelo Fassio, Stefano Frara, Glenville Jones, Giovanni Latella and 6 more

Abstract readConsensus StatementReview
In one paragraph

Review in Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

John P BilezikianDepartment of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
Luigi di FilippoInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Antonio BianchiPituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Daniel D BikleDepartment of Endocrinology, University of California and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121-1545, USA.
Neil BinkleySchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
Roger BouillonLaboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
Angelo FassioRheumatology Unit, University of Verona, 37129, Verona, Italy.
Stefano FraraDepartment of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy.
Glenville JonesDepartment of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
Giovanni LatellaGastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Lucrezia LaterzaCatholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Indira Paz GranielCIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
Francesco TaccariDipartimento Scienze Mediche E Chirurgiche, UOC Malattie Infettive, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italia.
Silvia TrasciattiGalileo Research Srl, Pisa, Italy.
John H WhiteDepartment of Physiology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
Andrea GiustinaInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. giustina.andrea@hsr.it.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vitamin D, classically linked to calcium-phosphate metabolism and skeletal health, is increasingly recognized as a pleiotropic hormone with effects on gastrointestinal and systemic immune functions. This International Consensus aims to critically evaluate the role of vitamin D in gastrointestinal homeostasis, infection prevention, and immune regulation. A multidisciplinary panel of experts conducted a comprehensive review of the literature, distinguishing between associative evidence from observational studies and causal inferences derived from interventional trials addressing gut barrier integrity, dysbiosis, intestinal cancer prevention, respiratory infections, and autoimmune diseases. While vitamin D deficiency has been consistently associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition, increased intestinal permeability, impaired immune tolerance, and increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune conditions, evidence from interventional studies remains more variable. Clinical outcomes are influenced by baseline 25(OH)D status, supplementation dose and formulation, timing of intervention, and disease context. Vitamin D supplementation has shown potential benefits in selected settings (i.e., autoimmune diseases and acute respiratory infections), and particularly in cases of documented deficiency. Given its pleiotropic role and favourable safety profile, appropriate screening and optimization of vitamin D represent a low-cost and potentially impactful strategy to support gut barrier function and immune competence. While further research is needed to define these therapeutic applications, maintaining vitamin D concentrations above 20 or 30 ng/mL in individuals at skeletal or immunological risk emerges as a reasonable clinical target. This Consensus Panel supports the integration of vitamin D assessment and correction into routine care for at-risk populations and calls for greater awareness of its extra-skeletal relevance.

Indexed as

Gastrointestinal MicrobiomeGastrointestinal TractImmune ToleranceInfectionsVitamin DVitamin D DeficiencyHumansIntestinal Barrier FunctionVitamin DAutoimmune diseasesCeliac diseaseCOVID-19InfectionVitamin D

Identifiers

PMID41886256
PMCPMC13167859

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.