ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2026
Effects of nonpharmacological manipulations and repeated xanomeline treatment on methamphetamine-vs-food choice in Sprague Dawley and Long Evans rats.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe absence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapies for methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) highlights the need for preclinical research to understand both the basic biological mechanisms of methamphetamine reinforcement and evaluate novel MUD pharmacotherapies. Recent studies demonstrated that repeated treatment with the muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline attenuated cocaine self-administration. Whether these xanomeline treatment effects extend to methamphetamine self-administration remains unknown.
methodsThe first aim established sensitivity of methamphetamine-vs-food choice in male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) and Long Evans (LE) rats to reinforcer magnitude and response requirement manipulations. A within-session methamphetamine choice dose-effect function (0.032-0.32mg/kg/infusion) was determined daily, and food reinforcer magnitude was manipulated weekly by changing the concentration (0, 10, 32, and 100%) of vanilla-flavored Ensure. Additionally, methamphetamine response requirement (i.e., fixed ratio (FR) 1, 5, 25, 125) was manipulated each week while holding the food FR constant. The second aim determined the effectiveness of repeated 5-day xanomeline (3.2-10mg/kg, SC) to attenuate methamphetamine choice.
resultsBoth increasing Ensure concentrations and methamphetamine FR values resulted in rightward shifts in the methamphetamine choice dose-effect function in both SD and LE rats. Repeated 5-day xanomeline treatment significantly decreased methamphetamine choice across all doses tested in LE, but not SD, rats. Time course of xanomeline treatment effectiveness revealed effects were greatest during the first 30min of choice session.
conclusionsThese results demonstrate that methamphetamine-vs-food choice was sensitive to parametric manipulations in rats and that xanomeline may warrant further consideration as a MUD pharmacotherapy.
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