SynthesisEnvironmental science and pollution research international2026
Blood trace element concentrations and adult hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Hypertension is a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) modulate blood pressure through oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic regulation. Although previous studies have largely focused on individual elements, the combined effects of trace elements remain poorly understood. This systematic review summarizes observational evidence regarding associations between blood trace element concentrations and hypertension, and evaluate potential interactive effects among multiple trace elements. We systematically searched PubMed, Wiley, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for studies published between 1970 and 2025 reporting blood trace element concentrations in hypertensive and normotensive adults. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Pooled mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and potential interactions among trace elements were assessed. A value p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Cd and Cu concentrations were higher in hypertensive individuals (Cd: MD = 4.67, 95% CI: 0.25-9.10; SMD = 2.48, 95% CI: 0.18-5.25; I
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