ReviewMolecular cancer2026
Beyond the mouse: 3R-guided alternative animal models transforming cancer research.
Review in Molecular cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Comprehensively understanding cancer biology requires complex model systems, typically animal models, to replicate tumor behavior, microenvironment interactions, and cell migration/metastatic processes. Traditionally, genetically engineered and xenograft mouse models have been the cornerstone of cancer research. In recent years, the 3R principle—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—has reshaped ethical cancer research by promoting alternative animal models. Here we critically examine in vitro and in silico as well as four 3R-compliant animal models — the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans — and assess their advantages, limitations, and translational relevance for cancer research. Special emphasis is placed on practical considerations to inform optimal decision-making, including reproducibility and model-specific advantages and challenges. This review aims to support researchers in selecting ethical and effective preclinical models to advance cancer research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.