ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Gestational and lactational exposure to HIV tri-combination therapy induces sex- and dose-dependent changes in inflammatory cytokine profiles, intestinal permeability, and villi morphology in adult rat offspring.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Gestational antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced the risk of vertical transmission of HIV, but concerns linger about its long-term effects on the fetal immune system and intestinal health. Our previous work has demonstrated dose-dependent changes in the fecal and mucosa-associated microbiome of adult rat offspring perinatally exposed to TC-ART (tri-combination ART: dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine). These changes may either be driven by alterations in immune system and intestinal barrier integrity or potentially impact them. Methods: In this study, we further investigated the long-term effects of perinatal TC-ART exposure on intestinal permeability, cytokine profiles, and intestinal mucosa morphology. Results: We observed statistically significant sex-dependent differences, with male offspring exhibiting reduced weight gain, a dichotomous response between low and high dose for inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-7, and IL-12], differential regulation for the mRNA expression of intestinal permeability-related genes (21 downregulated), and disrupted villous architecture, while females showed dose-dependent decreases in inflammatory cytokines [IL-17, IL-5, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)]. In females, while some intestinal permeability genes were downregulated, the upregulation of other permeability genes suggests a compensatory mechanism to maintain the intestinal barrier function, indicating an overall milder response to TC-ART. Discussion: These findings suggest that perinatal exposure to TC-ART may have differential impacts on intestinal health, with females exhibiting a more adaptive response compared to males, highlighting the need for sex-specific considerations in evaluating long-term effects of ART.
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