Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41892049›Full record

ArticleBiosensors2026

A Cloud-Aware Scalable Architecture for Distributed Edge-Enabled BCI Biosensor System.

Sayantan Ghosh, Raghavan Bhuvanakantham, Padmanabhan Sindhujaa, Purushothaman Bhuvana Harishita, Anand Mohan, Balázs Gulyás, Domokos Máthé, Parasuraman Padmanabhan

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biosensors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Sayantan GhoshDepartment of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.
Raghavan BhuvanakanthamCognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Experimental Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
Padmanabhan SindhujaaFaculty of Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004, India.
Purushothaman Bhuvana HarishitaLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
Anand MohanCognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Experimental Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
Balázs GulyásCognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Experimental Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
Domokos MáthéDepartment of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.ORCID 0009-0008-6727-1725
Parasuraman PadmanabhanCognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Experimental Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0003-4112-4600

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BCI biosensors enable continuous monitoring of neural activity, but existing systems face challenges in scalability, latency, and reliable integration with cloud infrastructure. This work presents a cloud-aware, real-time cognitive grid architecture for multimodal BCI biosensors, validated at the system level through a full physical prototype. The system integrates the BioAmp EXG Pill for signal acquisition with an RP2040 microcontroller for local preprocessing using edge-resident TinyML deployment for on-device feature/inference feasibility coupled with environmental context sensors to augment signal context for downstream analytics talking to the external world via Wi-Fi/4G connectivity. A tiered data pipeline was implemented: SD card buffering for raw signals, Redis for near-real-time streaming, PostgreSQL for structured analytics, and AWS S3 with Glacier for long-term archival. End-to-end validation demonstrated consistent edge-level inference with bounded latency, while cloud-assisted telemetry and analytics exhibited variable transmission and processing delays consistent with cellular connectivity and serverless execution characteristics; packet loss remained below 5%. Visualization was achieved through Python 3.10 using Matplotlib GUI, Grafana 10.2.3 dashboards, and on-device LCD displays. Hybrid deployment strategies-local development, simulated cloud testing, and limited cloud usage for benchmark capture-enabled cost-efficient validation while preserving architectural fidelity and latency observability. The results establish a scalable, modular, and energy-efficient biosensor framework, providing a foundation for advanced analytics and translational BCI applications to be explored in subsequent work, with explicit consideration of both edge-resident TinyML inference and cloud-based machine learning workflows.

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesBrain-Computer InterfacesCloud ComputingHumansSignal Processing, Computer-Assistedbiosensorscloud analyticscontinuous biosignal telemetrydata processingedge computingEEGelectrophysiological signalsEMGMultimodal Brain–Computer Interfacereal-time signal analysisremote health monitoringscalable data storage

Identifiers

PMID41892049
PMCPMC13024191

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.