Trial reportClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2026
CSF1R Inhibition with Chemotherapy Relieves Systemic Immune Suppression in Patients with Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Boosts Anti-PD-1 Efficacy in Transgenic Mammary Tumors.
Trial report in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01596751 (Enhancing Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Triple Negative/Basal-Like Breast Cancer by Targeting Macrophages), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Enhancing Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Triple Negative/Basal-Like Breast Cancer by Targeting Macrophages: A Multicenter Phase Ib/II Study of PLX 3397 and Eribulin in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tissue-Resident Macrophage in Inflammation and Cancer.MedComm · 2026Review
- Immunosuppressive cells as barriers to cancer therapy: mechanisms and emerging solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Decoding the tumor microenvironment of triple-negative breast cancer: from immune evasion to precision immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSignificant correlations exist between the presence of intratumoral macrophages, tumor progression, and poor outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with limited therapeutic options available for advanced-stage disease. Preclinical studies revealed that inhibition of myelomonocytic colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) or its receptor (CSF1R) plus cytotoxic chemotherapy decreased primary tumor growth kinetics and pulmonary metastases by CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanisms. This translational study evaluated CSF1R inhibition combined with eribulin in metastatic TNBC and explored rational preclinical combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade based on clinical immune correlate analyses. PATIENTS AND
methodsA nonrandomized, open-label phase Ib/2 trial (NCT01596751) evaluated pexidartinib (PLX3397), a CSF1R inhibitor (CSF1Ri), plus eribulin mesylate in heavily pretreated individuals with metastatic TNBC. Clinical efficacy was assessed alongside peripheral blood correlates. Preclinical studies in transgenic mammary adenocarcinoma models examined biomarker-driven therapy combinations.
resultsThe 12-week progression-free survival rate was 36% (95% confidence interval, 22.2%-58.4%), with 44.8% of patients achieving clinical benefit; a subset experienced disease control beyond 6 months. Patients with partial response or stable disease demonstrated increased baseline leukocyte activation, including enrichment of CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells and increased PD-1 expression on CD4+ T cells. In preclinical studies, CSF1Ri expanded the therapeutic index of PD-1 blockade, yielding transient tumor regression in ∼60% of mice and a transient expansion of effector and resident memory T cells.
conclusionsThese clinical and preclinical findings provide rationale for therapies to increase the therapeutic index of αPD-1 therapy by diminishing the presence of T cell-suppressive myelomonocytic cells to improve outcomes for patients with refractory disease.
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Registered trials
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