Integrating Diagnostic Tools for Early Recognition of Rumenitis in a Neonatal Calf.

Rumenitis is an inflammatory condition of the rumen, typically seen in adult cattle managed on high-energy diets. In calves, it is uncommon and often linked to ruminal drinking due to esophageal groove dysfunction. Early diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific clinical signs. A one-month-old male Limousin calf was presented with persistent non-fetid fluid regurgitation, rhythmic mastication, inappetence, and progressive neurological signs. Clinical examination revealed signs of dehydration and neurological dysfunction. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.16), hyperkalemia, and elevated serum urea. Endoscopy identified diffuse mucosal hyperemia, erosions, and fluid accumulation in the rumen. Symptomatic and supportive therapy was initiated; however, the calf died spontaneously. Necropsy was therefore performed, and rumen samples were collected for histological and microbiological investigations. Histopathological analysis confirmed acute suppurative rumenitis. The microbiological culture of rumen and reticulum samples yielded mixed bacterial flora, including