ReviewBiomedicines2026
Immune-Mediated Colitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Pathophysiology, Clinical Management, and the Emerging Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.
Review in Biomedicines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of various malignancies, but their use is frequently accompanied by immune-related adverse events, among which immune-mediated colitis (IMC) represents one of the most common and clinically significant gastrointestinal toxicities. IMC may lead to treatment interruption, increased morbidity, and compromised quality of life. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and emerging therapeutic strategies with particular emphasis on the role of the gut microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
methodsThis review integrates current international guidelines, meta-analyses, clinical trials, and recent translational studies addressing IMC. The available evidence on immunological mechanisms, predictive biomarkers, clinical presentation, diagnostic algorithms, and treatment options was critically synthesized to outline a structured and multidisciplinary management approach.
resultsIMC is driven by dysregulated immune activation, cytokine release, and alterations in gut microbiota. Incidence and severity vary according to ICI class, combination regimens, tumor type, and patient-related factors. Diagnosis requires exclusion of infectious causes, laboratory assessment, and endoscopic and histologic evaluation with CTCAE-based severity grading. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of first-line therapy, while infliximab and vedolizumab are effective in steroid-refractory cases. Emerging therapies, including JAK inhibitors and FMT, have shown promising results in refractory disease.
conclusionsIMC is a complex and potentially severe complication of ICI therapy that necessitates early recognition, accurate grading, and individualized, multidisciplinary management. Severity-guided treatment, timely escalation to biologics, and careful balancing of immunosuppression with antitumor efficacy are essential for optimal outcomes. Future research should focus on biomarker validation, microbiome-targeted therapies, and prospective trials to refine therapeutic algorithms and define the optimal role and timing of FMT in clinical practice.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.