Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41899519›Full record

ArticleCancers2026

Lung Cancer Risk Factors Beyond Smoking in Ethiopia: A Multicenter Matched Case-Control Study.

Nathan Estifanos, Gudina Egata, Adamu Addissie, Rahel Argaw Kebede, Aschalew Worku, Amsalu Bekele, Biruk Habtamu, Selam Tesfaye, Aman Yesuf Endries, Zemzem Shigute and 4 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Nathan EstifanosSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Gudina EgataSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Adamu AddissieSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.ORCID 0000-0003-4709-3606
Rahel Argaw KebedeSchool of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Aschalew WorkuSchool of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Amsalu BekeleSchool of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Biruk HabtamuOncology Department, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar P.O. Box 235, Ethiopia.
Selam TesfayeDepartment of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia.
Aman Yesuf EndriesSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Zemzem ShiguteInternational Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 29776 The Hague, The Netherlands.
Anagaw Derseh MebratieSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Getnet AlemuInstitute of Development and Policy Research, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia.
Arjun S BediInternational Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 29776 The Hague, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5659-6569
Negussie DeyessaSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.

Funding

Addis Ababa University 6417Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation 61329475
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWhile smoking is the dominant global driver of lung cancer, less than a quarter of Ethiopian patients have ever smoked, pointing to locally relevant risk factors. Evidence to guide prevention and early detection in resource-limited settings is scanty.

methodsTo address this gap, we conducted a multicenter matched case-control study including 351 histopathologically confirmed primary lung cancer cases and 702 hospital-based controls matched by sex, age (±5 years), and residence. Directed acyclic graphs informed the selection of variables, and multivariable hierarchical conditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors beyond smoking.

resultsThe analysis shows that lung cancer was independently associated with low education, wealth, solid-fuel use, occupational exposure, insufficient physical activity, meat-based and processed food dietary patterns, secondhand smoke (SHS), prior tuberculosis, and family history of cancer. Subgroup analysis by sex revealed consistent associations across males and females, but exposure distributions explained sex-specific patterns: smoking, occupational exposure, meat-based diets, and family history were more common among males, whereas SHS, the use of solid fuels, and processed food dietary patterns predominated in females.

conclusionsLung cancer in Ethiopia appears to be associated with several factors in addition to smoking. Gender-sensitive public health interventions targeting these locally relevant risk factors are essential for effective prevention and early detection.

Indexed as

case–control studyEthiopialung cancerrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID41899519
PMCPMC13024100

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.