ReviewPharmaceutics2026
Anatomically Guided Non-Viral CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery in the Eye: Overcoming Barriers for Precision Gene Therapy.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesWhile CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers a revolutionary approach for correcting genetic ocular blindness, efficient and safe delivery remains the primary bottleneck. Traditional viral vectors, despite their efficacy, face challenges regarding cargo size limitations and potential genomic integration risks. Non-viral vectors offer distinct comparative advantages, including large cargo capacity for diverse CRISPR tools and transient expression to minimize off-target effects, but must overcome the eye's formidable static and dynamic barriers, specifically the corneal epithelium, vitreous humor, and the inner limiting membrane. In this review, we present an anatomically guided framework for non-viral CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, mapping engineering strategies to specific ocular tissue targets. We first delineate the mechanisms of key physiological barriers, including the corneal stroma, aqueous humor circulation, and the vitreous-retina interface. Subsequently, we critically evaluate the latest advancements in non-viral platforms, such as pH-responsive lipid nanoparticles and engineered virus-like particles. The core focus of this review is on site-specific breakthrough strategies: from utilizing mucoadhesive polymers to counteract tear clearance in the cornea to exploiting specialized administration routes, such as suprachoroidal space and subretinal injection, to bypass retinal barriers, and deep-penetrating intravitreal carriers for targeting the photoreceptor-RPE complex. By integrating material science with precise administration routes, this review highlights feasible translational pathways for next-generation, carrier-free, or biomimetic ocular gene editing therapies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.