Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41900922›Full record

ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2026

C-Reactive Protein in Saliva as a Non-Invasive Marker of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Mohammad Khalfan, Yash Brahmbhatt, Sarah Pagni, Ripple Garg, Ahmad A Alkandari, Abrar Alkhesaili, Nouf Alsheredah, Nawal AlDhafeeri, Hawra Baroon, Woroud Al-Sulimmani and 3 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Mohammad KhalfanCollege of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS), Dental School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK.
Yash BrahmbhattSchool of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-8044-6276
Sarah PagniSchool of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Ripple GargSchool of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Ahmad A AlkandariKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.
Abrar AlkhesailiKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.
Nouf AlsheredahKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.
Nawal AlDhafeeriKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.
Hawra BaroonKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.
Woroud Al-SulimmaniKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.ORCID 0009-0005-7386-2490
Shaikha AlmatroukKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.
Fahad AlaliKuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait.ORCID 0009-0001-1493-1362
Hend AlqaderiSchool of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions that rely on low-grade systemic inflammation and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. C-reactive protein (CRP) has attracted growing interest in saliva as a non-invasive alternative to serum CRP testing, though existing evidence remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between salivary CRP levels and MetS and examined the consistency of findings across populations and methodological approaches. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to December 2024 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Nineteen studies involving 3265 participants with and without MetS were included. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated higher salivary CRP levels in individuals with MetS compared with controls (SMD = 1.02; 95% CI -0.23 to 1.81), with substantial heterogeneity (I

Indexed as

cardiometabolic riskCRPmeta-analysismetabolic syndromesalivary biomarkerssalivary C-reactive proteinsystemic inflammation

Identifiers

PMID41900922
PMCPMC13028261

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.