Photoacoustic Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Systems and Strategies for Robust Glucose Concentration Estimation, with Perspectives on Miniaturization and Wearability.

Jianyu Zhang, Zhizhang Li, Min Wang, Luohan Lin, Guoxing Wang, Cheng Chen

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jianyu ZhangSchool of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8218-7179

Zhizhang LiSchool of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Min WangSchool of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0972-8810

Luohan LinSchool of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Guoxing WangSchool of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Cheng ChenSchool of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 62404134

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring has long been a critical research focus in diabetes management. Among emerging technologies, photoacoustic sensing, combining the molecular specificity with deep penetration, has garnered significant attention. It offers rapid response and pain-free operation, making it a strong candidate for next-generation portable blood glucose monitoring devices. This review systematically traces the development and current state of photoacoustic glucose sensing, with a particular focus on the selection and optimization of core system components. It also summarizes common interference in glucose detection and outlines strategies for their mitigation, along with signal processing and signal-to-noise ratio enhancement techniques suitable for real-world applications. Addressing the growing demand for wearable continuous glucose monitors, this work analyzes the key challenges in system integration and outlines recent advances in enabling technologies. It proposes multi-technology integration approaches to bridge the gap between photoacoustic sensing and microsystem design, offering theoretical foundations and practical guidance for future research on wearable photoacoustic systems.

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringMiniaturizationPhotoacoustic TechniquesContinuous Glucose MonitoringHumansWearable Electronic DevicesBlood Glucoseanalog-front-end for photoacoustichigh-power pulsed laserinterference suppressionnoninvasive glucose monitoringphotoacousticultrasound transducer

Identifiers

PMID41902109

DOI10.3390/s26061942

PMCPMC13030819

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.