Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41902126›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Changes in Spatiotemporal Parameters During Gait of Special Forces Operators with Additional External Load.

Wojciech Paśko, Patryk Marszałek, Maciej Śliż, Krzysztof Maćkała, Cíntia França, Izabela Huzarska-Rynasiewicz, Rafał Podgórski, Élvio Rúbio Gouveia, Dominik Skiba, Krzysztof Przednowek

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Wojciech PaśkoFaculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4312-6140
Patryk MarszałekFaculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.ORCID 0009-0001-2193-0974
Maciej ŚliżFaculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7374-8472
Krzysztof MaćkałaDepartment of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-617 Wroclaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-6750-4316
Cíntia FrançaDepartment of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0001-8364-6832
Izabela Huzarska-RynasiewiczFaculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-9061-154X
Rafał PodgórskiDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolomics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-7565-7184
Élvio Rúbio GouveiaDepartment of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0003-0927-692X
Dominik SkibaPhysiotherapy Dominik Skiba, 39-120 Sędziszów Małopolski, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-3283-8516
Krzysztof PrzednowekFaculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-2128-4116

Funding

Ministry of Education and Science, Poland Nds-II/SP/0236/2023/0
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGait with external load is an inherent element of military tasks, and the mass of equipment carried by soldiers has systematically increased over recent decades. Depending on the nature of the operation, soldiers may carry loads ranging from several to several dozen kilograms, which may affect gait biomechanics and increase the risk of overload injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the spatiotemporal gait parameters of Special Forces Operators depending on the mass and type of the carried external load.

methodsThe study included 34 active Special Forces Operators (age: 36.47 ± 5.63 years; height: 180.39 ± 5.72 cm; body mass: 85.92 ± 8.54 kg). Gait analysis was performed using an h/p/cosmos gaitway 3D + 1D treadmill equipped with an integrated pressure platform enabling ground reaction force (GRF) measurement. Participants performed gait trials at a speed of 5.5 km/h under four load conditions: 0 kg, 7 kg, 20 kg, and 27 kg. For each condition, 30 s measurement series were recorded, enabling analysis of a stable locomotion pattern and detection of gait phase events.

resultsStatistically significant differences were demonstrated for the following parameters: stance phase, load response, single support, pre-swing, swing phase, double stance, foot rotation, step time, stride length, step width, cycle time, and cadence. The greatest changes were observed between unloaded gait and the condition with a helmet and vest. External load mainly caused prolongation of phases related to support and shortening of the swing phase and single support.

conclusionsMilitary load significantly modifies the temporal structure of gait in Special Forces Operators even at a constant, relatively low speed. The use of an instrumented treadmill with an integrated pressure platform and GRF measurement, as well as the registration of a large number of gait cycles, enabled the detection of subtle differences in spatiotemporal parameters and reliable assessment of stability and dynamic asymmetry under controlled laboratory conditions.

Indexed as

GaitMilitary PersonnelAdultBiomechanical PhenomenaHumansMaleWeight-Bearinggait biomechanicsground reaction forceload carriagepressure platformSpecial Forces Operators

Identifiers

PMID41902126
PMCPMC13029918

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.