ReviewMolecular biology reports2026
The diagnostic potential of nanobodies in acute myeloid leukemia.
Review in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic cancer, which is caused by clonal expansion of immature myeloid precursors, leading to bone marrow failure and poor long-term survival, especially in older patients and those with adverse-risk features. Relapse, primarily from chemotherapy-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in protective niches, remains the leading cause of mortality despite genomic advancements and targeted therapies like FLT3 inhibitors and all-trans retinoic acid for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Conventional antibody-based approaches, such as gemtuzumab ozogamicin, offer benefits but are limited by poor tissue penetration, Fc-mediated off-target effects, toxicity, and high costs, particularly with antigens shared by normal progenitors. Single-domain antibodies (nanobodies), compact (~ 12–15 kDa) scaffolds from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, address these challenges through superior stability, solubility, tissue infiltration, and modular engineering for multivalent/multispecific formats. This review explores AML’s molecular pathogenesis, emphasizing recurrent abnormalities (e.g., NPM1, FLT3, CEBPA mutations) that guide risk stratification and interventions. Diagnostic modalities morphology, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are evaluated for subtype identification and measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring. Nanobodies excel in positron emission tomography/single photon emission computed tomography (PET/SPECT) imaging of markers like CD33 and AXL, yielding high tumor-to-background ratios in preclinical models, alongside fluorescent conjugates and chromobodies for live-cell visualization. Therapeutic bispecific engagers and CAR-T constructs targeting CD33/CD123 show potent activity against heterogeneous blasts and LSCs. Challenges include antigen variability, rapid clearance, and bone marrow access, mitigated by optimizations like PEGylation. Nanobodies promise precision AML management, enhancing detection, specificity, and relapse prevention through clinical translation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41903065What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.