SynthesisPharmacoEconomics2026
The Economic Burden of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in PharmacoEconomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, progressive, severely disabling and ultimately fatal genetic neuromuscular disease requiring lifelong multidisciplinary clinical care and support. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of estimates of costs of illness of DMD.
methodsIn this systematic review (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] identifier: CRD420251153340), we searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, the Health Technology Assessment Database, and the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database for studies reporting costs of DMD. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
resultsWe identified 19 publications involving 6993 children and adults with DMD from 14 countries (Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the USA). Across studies and strata, the mean per-patient annual direct medical cost of illness (in 2025 international US dollars) was estimated at between $2620 and $209,980, the mean per-patient annual direct nonmedical cost between $5670 and $103,800, and the mean per-patient annual indirect (productivity) cost between $400 and $48,390. Most studies exhibited some risk of bias.
conclusionsDMD is associated with a substantial economic burden related to the formal disease management, as well as extensive informal care and indirect (productivity) costs shouldered by parents and other nonprofessional caregivers. Although relatively well-captured for a few countries, comprehensive cost data are lacking for many geographical settings. Our portfolio of costs of DMD will help inform assessments of burden of illness, health technology evaluations of new therapies, and data gap analyses for future research.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.