Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41906148›Full record

ReviewStem cell research & therapy2026

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications: current progress and future directions.

Sha Zhang, Zong-Yu Zhang, Ruo-Nan Tang, Kai Zhang, Yu Fu, Hua Tian, Jing Ma, Yan Jin, Chen-Xi Zheng, Bing-Dong Sui

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Stem cell research & therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Sha Zhang *College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research on TCM Physical Constitution and Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China.
Zong-Yu Zhang *State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
Ruo-Nan TangState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
Kai ZhangState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
Yu FuState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
Hua TianCollege of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research on TCM Physical Constitution and Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China.
Jing MaDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
Yan JinState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. yanjin@fmmu.edu.cn.
Chen-Xi ZhengState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. chenxizheng@fmmu.edu.cn.
Bing-Dong SuiState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. bingdong@fmmu.edu.cn.

Funding

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation BX20230485National Key Research and Development Program of China 2021YFA1100600National Natural Science Foundation of China 82301028National Natural Science Foundation of China 82371020National Natural Science Foundation of China 82474351Project of State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration 2024KA01Project of State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration 2024MS04Qin Chuang Yuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry Innovation Agglomeration Zone Project of Xianyang L2024-QCY-ZYYJJQ-X25Shaanxi Provincial Innovation Capacity Enhancement Program 2023-CX-PT-33
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications represent a complex disorder involving multiple pathophysiological processes. Although conventional therapeutic approaches partially regulate blood glucose, they fail to fundamentally reverse disease progression or effectively prevent complications. This review summarizes the current research advance and challenges of using different forms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in treating T2D and complications. It begins with an introduction to the characteristics of MSC-EVs. Subsequently, the mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of natural MSC-EVs are analyzed, with a focus on their roles in inflammatory modulation, tissue regeneration, and improving insulin resistance. Engineering MSC-EVs, covering strategies including optimizing MSC culture conditions, modifying EV contents, and establishing MSC-EV delivery systems based on bioactive materials are then discussed, which boost EV yield and quality while enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Current challenges, including the limited yield and high heterogeneity of natural MSC-EVs, as well as issues related to long-term safety, immunocompatibility, and large-scale production of engineered MSC-EVs are finally overviewed, with emphasizing artificial intelligence in guiding future research directions. These summaries are crucial for clinical translation of MSC-EVs and will ultimately provide T2D patients with an effective and safe treatment option.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Extracellular VesiclesMesenchymal Stem CellsMesenchymal Stem Cell TransplantationAnimalsHumansArtificial intelligenceBioactive materialsDiabetic complicationsExtracellular vesiclesMesenchymal stem cellsType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41906148
PMCPMC13154470

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.