Evidence mapPaperPMID 41906162Full record

Trial reportBMC psychology2026

Effects of cognitively engaging physical activity on executive function, mental health, and physical fitness in school-age children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Yifan Xu, Kai Qi, Xiaoxiao Dong, Qi Xu, Shimeng Wang, Dandan Chen, Robert Schinke, Aiguo Chen

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yifan XuGdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, 80-336, Poland.
Kai QiGdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, 80-336, Poland.
Xiaoxiao DongNanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, 210014, China.
Qi XuGdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, 80-336, Poland.
Shimeng WangNantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
Dandan ChenNingbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
Robert SchinkeSchool of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
Aiguo ChenNanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, 210014, China. agchen@nsi.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOver 80% of school-aged children worldwide engage in insufficient physical activity, compromising their executive function development during a critical neuroplasticity window. Cognitively Engaging Physical Activity (CEPA), which integrates cognitive challenges into physical exercise, may offer superior benefits compared to traditional physical education curriculum (TPEC), yet comprehensive evidence across cognitive, psychological, and physical domains remains limited. This study examined the differential effects of CEPA and TPEC on executive function (EF), mental health, and physical fitness in school-aged children.

methodsA total of 96 school-aged children were randomly assigned to either the CEPA group (n = 48, age = 9.31 ± 0.47, 54% boys) or the TPEC group (n = 48, age = 9.40 ± 0.49, 52% boys). The intervention lasted for 11 weeks, with sessions held three times per week for 45 min each. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included overall executive function (quantified by composite EF score), mental health (general mental health, resilience, emotion regulation), and physical fitness (speed, endurance, explosive power, flexibility, agility and coordination). A mixed-design ANOVA was conducted, and effect sizes were reported as partial eta squared (η²p).

resultsThe CEPA group demonstrated superior improvements (time*group interaction effects) in executive function (η²p = 0.634), resilience (η²p = 0.042), emotion regulation( η²p = 0.081), speed (η²p = 0.048), explosive power (η²p = 0.041), endurance (η²p = 0.627), and agility (η²p = 0.181) compared to controls (all p < 0.05). No significant time*group effects were observed for overall mental health or flexibility. Girls showed greater speed improvements than boys in the CEPA condition (interaction p = 0.039).

conclusionsWithin the studied cohort, the 11-week CEPA intervention was more effective than the TPEC in improving EF, The 11-week CEPA intervention was more effective than the TPEC in improving EF, resilience, emotion regulation, speed, endurance, and agility-coordination, with gender differences evident in speed performance. As a low-cost and scalable approach, CEPA provides empirical support for school-based health promotion and offers a promising public health strategy for enhancing children’s physical and mental development.

trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered at ChiCTR (Identifier ChiCTR2500101607) on April 27, 2025.

Indexed as

CognitionExecutive FunctionExerciseMental HealthPhysical Education and TrainingPhysical FitnessChildFemaleHumansMaleEmotion regulationExecutive functionPhysical activityPhysical fitnessResilienceSchool-aged children

Identifiers

PMID41906162
PMCPMC13154859

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.