Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41909030›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026

Relationship between skipping breakfast and metabolic syndrome among adults aged 35-74 years: a cross-sectional study in Northwest China, 2018-2020.

Bowen Yang, Xuanxuan Zi, Shenglin Peng, Ruihan Liu, Yangyang Cen, Linxi Lian, Kaijun Xing, Yi Zhao, Yannan Zhang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Bowen YangDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Xuanxuan ZiDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Shenglin PengDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Ruihan LiuDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Yangyang CenDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Linxi LianDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Kaijun XingDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Yi ZhaoDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Yannan ZhangDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Although skipping breakfast has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), evidence remains limited. Herein, we examined the association between breakfast skipping and MetS, as well as its individual components, among adults aged 35-74 years in Northwest China. Methods: Baseline data were obtained from the Northwest China Cohort-Ningxia Project (CNC-NX), which initially recruited 20,837 participants; 15,959 were included in the final analysis. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and laboratory results were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between breakfast skipping frequency and MetS. Associations were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The prevalence of MetS was 76.7%, with males accounting for 40.2% and females for 59.8%. Compared with participants who never skipped breakfast, those who skipped breakfast ≥4 times per week had a significantly higher likelihood of developing MetS (OR: 1.250, 95% CI: 1.098-1.419). Subgroup analyses revealed that this association was particularly pronounced among males (OR: 1.333, 95% CI: 1.074-1.645) and individuals with a BMI of 24.0-27.9 kg/m Conclusion: Breakfast skipping was significantly associated with MetS among adults aged 35-74 years in Northwest China. Promoting regular breakfast consumption may represent a feasible public health strategy for MetS prevention in this high-risk population.

Indexed as

breakfast skippingcross-sectional studymetabolic syndromenatural populationNorthwest China

Identifiers

PMID41909030
PMCPMC13017240

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.