Reconstitution of spermatogenesis and continuous generation of functional haploid germ cells in mouse testicular organoids.

Testicular organoids that support spermatogenesis and generate functional haploid germ cells are still lacking. Here, we developed a formation-differentiation culture approach to generate optimized testicular organoids (O-Torgs) derived from neonatal mouse primary testicular cells. These O-Torgs could essentially recapitulate the seminiferous tubule morphogenesis, Sertoli cell maturation, and testosterone secretion. Importantly, O-Torgs not only support spermatogenesis but also sustain proliferative undifferentiated spermatogonia and continuous generation of functional haploid cells for up to three months, with offspring derived from these haploid cells displaying normal growth and reproductive capability to the F2 generation. Mechanistically, we found that the formation stage enhanced the reconstruction of tubule-like structures and subsequent spermatogenesis by providing a more conducive extracellular matrix niche. Finally, O-Torgs were proven to be effective in modeling male infertility and drug screening, with BTT-3033 acting as a potential drug in protecting busulfan-mediated germ cell loss. Overall, our work establishes a strategy to obtain functional testicular organoids, offering promising avenues for male infertility modeling and drug discovery.