Evidence mapPaperPMID 41916980Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Iontronic click-to-release enables electrically controlled delivery of drugs and biomolecules beyond charge and size limitations.

Sebastian Hecko, Marle E J Vleugels, Christian Bayer, Donghak Byun, Moa E Hörberg, Nikolaus Poremba, Rassen Boukraa, Patrick Keppel, Andreas Löffler, Walter Kuba and 9 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Sebastian Hecko *Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-4425
Marle E J Vleugels *Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-3568
Christian Bayer *Gottfried Schatz Research Center - Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-2470-2617
Donghak ByunLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-7858
Moa E HörbergLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
Nikolaus PorembaInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-4128-8901
Rassen BoukraaLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-9755
Patrick KeppelInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-5206-469X
Andreas LöfflerInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-6813
Walter KubaInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4799-7242
Helena Saarela UnemoLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-7662-6021
Iwona Bernacka-WojcikLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7135-8275
Theresia Arbring SjöströmLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-0251
Magnus BerggrenLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5154-0291
Daniel T SimonLaboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-3490
Rainer SchindlGottfried Schatz Research Center - Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0896-8887
Linda WaldherrGottfried Schatz Research Center - Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. linda.waldherr@medunigraz.at.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9817-1358
Hannes MikulaInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria. hannes.mikula@tuwien.ac.at.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9218-9722
Johannes BintingerInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria. johannes.bintinger@tuwien.ac.at.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6397-4254

Funding

Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung) 10.55776/I4623Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung) 10.55776/J4304Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung) 10.55776/Y1443
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dynamic and programmable control of therapeutic delivery is a long-standing goal in medicine. Iontronic devices offer precise electronic control over the dosage of bioactive molecules, yet their use has been confined to charged, low-molecular-weight compounds that are electrochemically stable during transport. Here, we present a hybrid delivery platform that integrates iontronic transport with bioorthogonal click-to-release chemistry. In this system, iontronic pumps electrophoretically deliver charged tetrazines as molecular scissors that selectively react with immobilized trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-linked payloads, enabling on-demand bioorthogonal cleavage of the TCO linker and controlled payload release. This approach retains the electronic precision of iontronics while overcoming molecular size, charge, and stability constraints. We demonstrate tunable tetrazine delivery over several days and electronically controlled release of immobilized payloads from small bioactive molecules, such as the antimitotic agent CA4, to the large protein bovine serum albumin. Hence, by integrating bioorthogonal click-to-release strategies, iontronic delivery is extended to biologically relevant macromolecules, providing a foundation for advanced programmable electroceutical devices.

Indexed as

Click ChemistryDrug Delivery SystemsAnimalsAza CompoundsBenzene DerivativesCattleCyclooctanesDelayed-Action PreparationsSerum Albumin, Bovine1,2,4,5-tetrazineAza CompoundsBenzene DerivativesCyclooctanesDelayed-Action PreparationsSerum Albumin, Bovine

Identifiers

PMID41916980
PMCPMC13199424

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.