Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41920585›Full record

ArticleACS nano2026

Mosaic Inverted Hemagglutinin Extracellular Vesicle Vaccines Elicit Protective Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against Heterosubtypic Influenza Infection.

Wandi Zhu, Lai Wei, Chunhong Dong, Joo Kyung Kim, Madeline Bruhn, Yao Ma, Alex Ferrante, Arini Arsana, Priscilla Omotara, Sang-Moo Kang and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in ACS nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Wandi ZhuCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Lai WeiCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Chunhong DongCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-6950-6120
Joo Kyung KimCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Madeline BruhnCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Yao MaCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Alex FerranteCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Arini ArsanaCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Priscilla OmotaraCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Sang-Moo KangCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
Bao-Zhong WangCenter for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-1561-4318

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Developing innovative vaccine platforms and delivery strategies to induce broad, protective immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial for preventing influenza infection and transmission in potential epidemics and pandemics. In this study, we used cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a vaccine platform to display mosaic human and avian influenza hemagglutinins (HAs) concurrently, including HA1/HA9/HA12 or HA3/HA4/HA10, on the EV surfaces. Immunization with the mosaic HA-EV vaccine elicited cross-reactive antibodies against influenza HA stalks and viruses, robust virus-specific cellular immune responses, and a balanced Th1/Th2 immune profile. Notably, the EVs demonstrated a promising application as an effective mucosal vaccine strategy, as evidenced by enhanced HA stalk- and virus-specific IgA in mucosal tissues and complete protection against heterosubtypic reassortant H7N9 and H5N1 virus infections in mice via intranasal immunization. EV-based mosaic HA vaccines hold great promise for developing universal influenza vaccines that target a mucosal route.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusImmunity, MucosalInfluenza VaccinesOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsAdministration, IntranasalAnimalsFemaleHumansInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H7N9 SubtypeMiceMice, Inbred BALB CHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza Vaccinescross-protectionextracellular vesicleHA stalkinfluenza virusintranasal immunizationmosaic HA vaccinemucosal immune response

Identifiers

PMID41920585
PMCPMC13085848

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.