Evidence mapPaperPMID 41920755Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2026

Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing real-time continuous glucose monitoring with self-monitoring of blood glucose for patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin in Japan.

Hirotaka Watada, Shiro Tanaka, Jessica Y Matuoka, Hamza Alshannaq, Richard F Pollock, Martin Field, Gregory J Norman

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Hirotaka WatadaDepartment of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
Shiro TanakaDepartment of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-5235
Jessica Y MatuokaDexcom, Inc, San Diego, South Australia, USA.
Hamza AlshannaqDexcom, Inc, San Diego, South Australia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3952-1113
Richard F PollockCovalence Research Ltd, Harpenden, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-7507
Martin FieldCovalence Research Ltd, Harpenden, UK.
Gregory J NormanDexcom, Inc, San Diego, South Australia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-9597

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionReal-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) systems are associated with reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and hypoglycemic events compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). This analysis aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of rt-CGM compared with SMBG in the management of people with T2D who require insulin treatment in Japan. MATERIALS AND

methodsA lifetime economic evaluation was conducted using the IQVIA Core Diabetes Model, version 10. Effectiveness data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial that showed rt-CGM reduced HbA1c by 0.9% compared to SMBG. Cohort characteristics and cost data were primarily sourced from Japanese studies. Costs were inflated to 2023 Japanese Yen (JPY) and discounted at 2.0% per annum. The robustness of the base case results was subsequently assessed through sensitivity analyses.

resultsIn the base case, there was an incremental gain of 1.501 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) favoring rt-CGM at an incremental cost of JPY 500,192, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of JPY 333,150/QALY gained. This was far below the assumed willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of JPY 5,000,000/QALY gained. The result was robust in sensitivity analyses, with all scenarios tested also returning ICERs below the WTP threshold. When examining projected clinical outcomes, rt-CGM was associated with reductions in the incidence of the majority of complications considered.

conclusionsFrom a Japanese healthcare perspective, rt-CGM is highly cost-effective for the glycemic management of people with T2D who require insulin treatment.

Indexed as

Blood Glucose Self-MonitoringContinuous Glucose MonitoringCost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Effectiveness AnalysisDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsInsulinAgedBiomarkersBlood GlucoseFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansJapanMaleMiddle AgedBiomarkersBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinContinuous glucose monitoringGeneral diabetesHealth economics

Identifiers

PMID41920755
PMCPMC13238641

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.