Observational studyAdvances in therapy2026
Evaluation of Frequency, Severity and Spectrum of Cognitive Impairment and Its Associated Risk Factors in Elderly Individuals with Diabetes in India: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.
Observational study in Advances in therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionCognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus affects self-management of the disease, creating a vicious cycle of worsening cognitive and glycaemic control. Low- and middle-income countries are underrepresented in research focusing on this association. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, severity, spectrum and risk factors associated with cognitive impairment in elderly individuals with diabetes in India.
methodsElderly participants aged 60 years and above underwent a comprehensive clinical, biochemical and neuropsychological evaluation (cognitive concerns, neuropsychological testing and functional activity assessments).
resultsA total of 832 participants were included: 698 with diabetes and 134 without diabetes. Participants with diabetes had a mean age of 65.2 ± 4.5 years and average HbA1c level of 7.8 ± 1.8%. Cognitive impairment (NIA-AA 2018 criteria for cognitive staging) was identified in 75 participants (9.2%), with a higher prevalence in the group with diabetes (10.7%) compared to the group without diabetes (1.5%) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 9.1 (95% CI 2.1-39.4)]. Gender-based subgroup analysis did not reach statistical significance [female participants, OR 3.7 (95% CI 0.76-18.4), p = 0.11]. Risk factors for cognitive impairment included increasing age [OR 1.1 (95% CI 1.02-1.14)] and unemployment [OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.2-5.4)], while protective factors included higher education [OR 0.86 (95% CI 0.82-0.92)] and physical activity [OR 0.99 (95% CI 0.99-0.99)].
conclusionCognitive impairment affects one in ten elderly Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Factors affecting cognitive reserve are a crucial, modifiable determinant of cognitive function in these individuals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.