Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41927870›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Prenatal heat stress and predicted postpartum cardiovascular disease risk: a longitudinal cohort study.

Noelle Pardo, Xiaoran Yang, Yuhong Hu, Yan Xu, Roxana Khalili, Aviva Wolf-Jacobs, Sandrah P Eckel, Zhongzheng Niu, Tingyu Yang, Xinci Chen and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Noelle PardoDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Xiaoran YangDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Yuhong HuDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Yan XuDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Roxana KhaliliDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Aviva Wolf-JacobsDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Sandrah P EckelDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Zhongzheng NiuDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Tingyu YangDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Xinci ChenDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Mario VigilDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Brendan H GrubbsDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Laila Al-MarayatiDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Claudia M Toledo-CorralDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Jill JohnstonDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Genevieve F DuntonDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Carrie BretonDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Theresa M BastainDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Rima HabreDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Shohreh F FarzanDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA. sffarzan@usc.edu.

Funding

NIH HHS P50ES026086, P30ES007048, UH3OD023287, 5P50MD015705-10U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 83615801-0
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Heat stress has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is considered a more physiologically relevant measure of heat stress than temperature alone, accounting for direct sunlight, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed. Pregnant individuals may be particularly vulnerable to heat stress due to physiological changes in thermoregulation. Pregnancy may serve as a sensitive period influencing future health, but it is unknown if prenatal heat stress impacts postpartum cardiovascular health. We examined associations between prenatal, residential WBGT exposure and postpartum Pathobiologic Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) risk scores, which predict future atherosclerosis. Among 193 participants from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors pregnancy cohort, annual postpartum PDAY scores were calculated across 6 years postpartum, using age, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, obesity, and hyperglycemia from in-person questionnaires and biomarker samples. We used hierarchical generalized additive models (GAMs) to examine associations between pregnancy average and trimester-specific WBGT and postpartum PDAY scores. Effect modification by prenatal psychosocial stressors, urban heat island index (UHII), and climate vulnerability index (CVI) was assessed through stratification. Distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) with mixed effects assessed weekly associations. Models were adjusted for maternal age at consent, pre-pregnancy body mass index, household income, maternal education, race/ethnicity, and conception season. Model fit indices indicated a nonlinear relationship between average prenatal WBGT and postpartum PDAY scores, with a positive association emerging at temperatures above 19 °C, though confidence intervals were wide. We were unable to observe evidence of associations with trimester-specific WBGT, sensitive windows of exposure, or effect modification by psychosocial stressors, UHII, or CVI. Our data suggested an association at pregnancy average WBGT greater than 19 °C with postpartum cardiometabolic health risk scores, however sparsity at temperature extremes limited our conclusions. The relatively limited exposure variability in our study region and small sample size may have limited our ability to observe more robust associations.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesHeat-Shock ResponseHeat Stress DisordersPostpartum PeriodAdultFemaleHot TemperatureHumansLongitudinal StudiesPregnancyRisk FactorsCardiometabolic healthCardiovascular healthClimate changeHeat stressMaternal health

Identifiers

PMID41927870
PMCPMC13187430

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.