Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41929285›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026

Symptom-specific genetics reveal heterogeneity within major depressive disorder.

Anastasia A Goula, Floris Huider, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Joëlle A Pasman, Mariska Bot, M Liset Rietman, Leen M 't Hart, Femke Rutters, Marieke T Blom, Didi Rhebergen and 11 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
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Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Anastasia A GoulaDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0008-5387-4138
Floris HuiderAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Jouke-Jan HottengaAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Joëlle A PasmanAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Mariska BotDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
M Liset RietmanCenter for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Leen M 't HartAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Femke RuttersAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Marieke T BlomAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Didi RhebergenDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Marjolein VisserAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Catharina A HartmanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, the Netherlands.
Albertine J OldehinkelDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, the Netherlands.
Eco J C de GeusAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Barbara FrankeDepartments of Medical Neuroscience and Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
H Susan J PicavetCenter for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
W M Monique VerschurenCenter for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Hanna M van LooDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9282-8053
Dorret Ι BoomsmaAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Brenda W J H PenninxDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Yuri MilaneschiDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is clinically and biologically heterogeneous. Here, we leveraged the genetics of individual depressive symptoms to dissect the disorder's underlying heterogeneity. Methods: We utilized the BIObanks Netherlands Internet Collaboration (BIONIC). A series of genome-wide association studies (effective- Results: All symptoms demonstrated substantial SNP-based heritability ( Conclusions: We identified two genetic dimensions of MDD, each linked to partially distinct clinical manifestations and underlying biology, with one reflecting neurodevelopmental/psychiatric liabilities and the other capturing a strong cardiometabolic vulnerability. Disentangling such distinct dimensions may help guide patient stratification and targeted treatment, thereby advancing precision psychiatry.

Identifiers

PMID41929285
PMCPMC13042127

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.