ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Trained immunity in cancer and autoimmunity: a double-edged sword in immune memory reprogramming.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Trained immunity in inflammatory bone disease: a bibliometric and literature-level text-mining analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Beyond the genetic code: orchestrating epigenetic and immune landscapes with multivalent mRNA-exosome vaccines.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Trained immunity, characterized by the long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells through epigenetic and metabolic modifications, has emerged as a pivotal concept bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. This review explores the dual role of trained immunity as both a protective mechanism in cancer and a pathogenic driver in autoimmune diseases. We first discuss the underlying mechanisms involving histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the mTOR/HIF-1α axis, alongside key regulators including NOD2 and pattern recognition receptors. The contribution of trained immunity to antitumor responses is highlighted through its ability to enhance innate cell cytotoxicity, remodel the tumor microenvironment, and synergize with immune checkpoint blockade and BCG immunotherapy. Conversely, we examine how infections, dysbiosis, and dietary factors can induce maladaptive trained immunity, leading to persistent hyperinflammatory states and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, we address therapeutic strategies to modulate trained immunity, including small molecules, β-glucan, statins, and BCG derivatives, emphasizing their potential applications in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmunity control. We also underscore the risks of unintended immune activation, such as autoimmune flare-ups during cancer treatment or compromised host defense during immunosuppression. Finally, we discuss future directions, including the development of trained immunity-based vaccines, personalized immunomodulatory approaches, and the integration of multi-omics and artificial intelligence to design patient-specific interventions. Understanding the complex interplay between trained immunity, cancer, and autoimmunity will be crucial for translating these insights into innovative therapeutic strategies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.