Small-cell carcinoma of the cervix with acute-onset psychotic symptoms associated with clinically diagnosed ectopic ACTH production: a case report.

Small-cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCCC) is a rare and highly aggressive histological subtype of cervical cancer, associated with poor prognosis. SCCC is histologically classified as a neuroendocrine tumor and has the potential to produce ectopic hormones, leading to various paraneoplastic syndromes. This report is a rare case of recurrent SCCC presenting with psychiatric symptoms due to endogenous Cushing's syndrome caused by ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. The patient initially developed mood and behavioral disturbances as the disease progressed, leading to hospitalization under the suspicion of a primary psychiatric disorder. However, further evaluation, prompted by the discovery of severe hypokalemia, revealed Cushing's syndrome associated with clinically diagnosed ectopic ACTH production in the setting of recurrent disease. Her psychiatric symptoms rapidly remitted following the administration of a cortisol synthesis inhibitor. This case highlights the importance of considering endocrine disorders as potential causes of psychiatric manifestations in patients with cancer, particularly those with neuroendocrine tumors such as SCCC. Acute and marked elevation of endogenous cortisol can induce distinct psychiatric symptoms, such as manic features and grandiose delusions, that often respond better to endocrine treatment aimed at normalizing cortisol levels rather than to antipsychotic therapy alone. Clinicians should be aware of this rare but important clinical presentation as timely diagnosis and management can improve patient outcomes.