Evidence mapPaperPMID 41935111Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2026

Low anemia but high dyslipidemia prevalence in Brazilian schoolchildren: a nutritional transition profile.

Ana Carolina Marques Ciceri, Syang Ândrea de Oliveira, Luisa Buhse Pasqualoto, Michelle Kaefer, Laura Eduarda de Oliveira, Natália Flores Jacobi, Laura Bonai Casal, Nicole Carvalho Hoppe, Ighor Seiji Okumura Tioda, José Antonio Mainardi de Carvalho and 1 more

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Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Ana Carolina Marques CiceriPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Syang Ândrea de OliveiraApplied Clinical Analysis Research Laboratory (LAPACA), Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-1734-8620
Luisa Buhse PasqualotoApplied Clinical Analysis Research Laboratory (LAPACA), Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Michelle KaeferPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Laura Eduarda de OliveiraPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Natália Flores JacobiPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Laura Bonai CasalPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Nicole Carvalho HoppeApplied Clinical Analysis Research Laboratory (LAPACA), Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Ighor Seiji Okumura TiodaApplied Clinical Analysis Research Laboratory (LAPACA), Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
José Antonio Mainardi de CarvalhoPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Clóvis PanizPostgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil. clovis.paniz@ufsm.br.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-2970

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesBrazil is undergoing a rapid nutritional transition, yet data on anemia and dyslipidemia in early school-aged children remain scarce. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and dyslipidemia and to investigate the relationship between anemia, iron status markers, inflammation, lipid profiles, and nutritional status in schoolchildren from southern Brazil. SUBJECTS/

methodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled 204 children aged 5-8 years attending public municipal schools. Data collection included anthropometry, sociodemographic and dietary questionnaires, and blood analysis for hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipid profile, using standard pediatric cut-offs.

resultsAnemia prevalence was low (4.9%; 95% CI: 2.7-8.8%), whereas dyslipidemia prevalence was high, including hypertriglyceridemia (26.8%; 95% CI: 21.2-33.3%) and elevated total cholesterol (31.9%; 95% CI: 25.9-38.6%). Ret-He was significantly lower in anemic children (29.9 vs. 32.7 pg; p < 0.001) and correlated with hemoglobin (Rho=0.335, p < 0.001) and serum iron (Rho=0.280, p < 0.001). CRP was the strongest independent predictor of Ret-He (β = -0.345, p < 0.001), independent of nutritional status and conventional iron markers. Ret-He values did not differ across nutritional status categories, whereas inflammatory and lipid parameters varied according to adiposity. Meanwhile, soda intake was associated with higher triglyceride levels.

conclusionsThese findings indicate a nutritional transition profile characterized by low anemia but high dyslipidemia prevalence in children aged 5-8 years. Ret-He reflects functional iron availability and is strongly influenced by systemic inflammation, independently of nutritional status, supporting its use as a complementary marker in the assessment of anemia in pediatric populations.

Indexed as

AnemiaAnemia, Iron-DeficiencyDyslipidemiasNutritional StatusBiomarkersBrazilChildChild, PreschoolC-Reactive ProteinCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFerritinsHemoglobinsHumansIronMaleBiomarkersC-Reactive ProteinFerritinsHemoglobinsIron

Identifiers

PMID41935111
PMCPMC13286996

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.