ArticleBMC medicine2026
Association of antiviral use for influenza among non-severe cases with subsequent hospitalization and mortality.
Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundEvidence regarding a preventive impact of antiviral medication for influenza on hospitalization or mortality among non-severe cases is scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the association between the use of antiviral medications in non-hospitalized patients with influenza and their subsequent hospitalization and mortality.
methodsThis multi-center retrospective cohort study used TriNetX, a global database to assess the clinical impact of antiviral medications (oseltamivir, laninamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and baloxavir) for influenza among non-hospitalized patients. The outcomes included hospitalization, emergency department visit, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality between 3 and 30 days following influenza diagnosis with the 2-day window period between diagnosis and antiviral administration. Propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio was conducted to estimate the risk ratio (RR).
resultsA total of 1,016,581 patients with influenza were identified. After matching, 426,275 patients from each cohort were compared. The antiviral-treated group was associated with lower risks of hospitalization (RR 0.91; 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.95; p < 0.001); emergency department visits (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.79-0.82; p < 0.001), ICU admission (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73-0.97; p = 0.016); and mortality (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.47-0.77; p < 0.001). The sensitivity analysis revealed that the statistical significance in hospitalization was maintained by replacing the 2-day window period with 0 days (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.79-0.84; p < 0.001). The sensitivity analysis limited to those aged 2 to 64 years without any high-risk comorbidities in the antiviral-treated group compared to the antiviral-untreated group showed fewer outcome events for hospitalization (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.68-0.85; p < 0.001); ED visit (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.65-0.71; p < 0.001); and ICU admission (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.30-0.78; p = 0.002).
conclusionsAntiviral treatment was negatively associated with hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality. The results need to be interpreted with caution, given limitations.
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