Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41937211›Full record

ReviewJournal of nanobiotechnology2026

Apoptotic extracellular vesicles act as master regulators of the bone healing niche.

Yadong Guo, Wenbo Du, Shuguang Cheng, Yongshan Li, Siwen Xiao, Lan Yang, Liping Wang, Janak Lal Pathak

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yadong Guo *School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
Wenbo Du *School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
Shuguang Cheng *School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
Yongshan LiSchool and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
Siwen XiaoSchool and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
Lan YangSchool and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China. 2006990040@gzhmu.edu.cn.
Liping WangSchool and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China. wangliplj@126.com.
Janak Lal PathakSchool and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China. j.pathak@gzhmu.edu.cn.

Funding

Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau 2023B03J1240National Natural Science Foundation of China 82150410451
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs), natural bilayer nanoparticles released during programmed cell death, have emerged as pivotal regulators and promising therapeutic agents for bone regeneration. They function as innate multimodal signaling entities, expertly coordinating the complex cellular interplay between osteogenesis, angiogenesis, innervation, and immunomodulation required for successful bone healing. This review systematically outlines the biogenesis, isolation, and fundamental mechanisms by which ApoEVs orchestrate the bone healing niche. We further explore their dual role in bone homeostasis and pathology, highlighting applications in treating osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, while acknowledging potential negative effects from specific cellular origins. The significant promise of ApoEVs is being unlocked through innovative engineering strategies to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and specificity. Critically, we discuss how emerging artificial intelligence (AI) tools are poised to overcome major translational hurdles. Despite the challenges in standardization and scalable production, the convergence of ApoEV biology and AI-driven design positions them as a transformative next-generation, cell-free platform for treating intractable bone and joint disorders.

Indexed as

ApoptosisBone and BonesBone RegenerationExtracellular VesiclesAnimalsArtificial IntelligenceHumansOsteoarthritisOsteogenesisApoptotic extracellular vesiclesBone healingImmunomodulationOsteogenic differentiation

Identifiers

PMID41937211
PMCPMC13200413

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.