Evidence mapPaperPMID 41937314Full record

SynthesisEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2026

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ecnoglutide in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Mukesh Kumar, Sumet Kumar, Sheikh Muhammad Ebtehaj Ali, Hadia Qazi, Arshia Arif Janjua, Hanzlah Ahmed, Rayan Babar, Rumaisa Imtiaz Sheikh, Laksh Kumar, Sana Mohammad Ali and 6 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-AnalysisComparative Study
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Mukesh KumarDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.
Sumet KumarDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2215-311X
Sheikh Muhammad Ebtehaj AliDepartment of Medicine, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2223-4488
Hadia QaziDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9406-3776
Arshia Arif JanjuaDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6779-483X
Hanzlah AhmedDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0336-1446
Rayan BabarDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3641-1651
Rumaisa Imtiaz SheikhDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0488-7938
Laksh KumarDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6978-5080
Sana Mohammad AliDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.
Fatima HanifDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7995-5169
Khizra GulDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.
Ayesha Sarwar AliDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5322-1709
Shehzadi Umme Rubab BukhariDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3123-3497
Adarsh RajaDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2964-9452
Aayush ChaulagainDepartment of Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9259-0612

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects over 500 million people worldwide, with traditional therapies often failing to maintain long-term glycaemic control. Ecnoglutide, a novel long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of ecnoglutide in adults with T2DM.

methodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar through September 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing ecnoglutide with placebo or active comparators in adults with T2DM were included. Primary outcomes were changes in HbA1c and body weight. Secondary outcomes included fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance markers, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models, with mean differences and risk ratios calculated at 95% confidence intervals.

resultsFour RCTs comprising 1643 participants (1162 receiving ecnoglutide, 444 controls) were included. Ecnoglutide significantly reduced HbA1c (MD = -0.44, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.33, p < 0.00001), body weight (MD = -5.63, 95% CI -7.90 to -3.35, p < 0.01), and fasting plasma glucose (MD = -0.81, 95% CI -1.03 to -0.59, p < 0.00001). Improvements were observed in insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and liver enzymes. Adverse events occurred more frequently with ecnoglutide (RR = 1.09, p < 0.01), although predominantly gastrointestinal and mild-to-moderate, with no significant differences in serious adverse events.

conclusionsEcnoglutide demonstrates robust efficacy in glycaemic control, weight reduction, and cardiometabolic parameters with an acceptable safety profile in adults with T2DM, supporting its therapeutic potential as a next-generation GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucagon-Like PeptidesHypoglycemic AgentsBlood GlucoseGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlycated HemoglobinHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlucagon-Like PeptidesGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsEcnoglutideGLP‐1 receptor agonistglycaemic controlmeta‐analysistype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID41937314
PMCPMC13052322

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.