ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026
Integrated metabolomic, nanoformulation, and network pharmacology approach reveals multifunctional bioactivities of an
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Although Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil) exhibits broad pharmacological potential, its therapeutic application is constrained by poor solubility, instability, and limited bioavailability. Previous nanoemulsion studies have not integrated comprehensive metabolomic profiling with mechanistic and multi-bioactivity validation. This study developed and characterized an O. sanctum nanoemulsion to overcome these barriers and enhance biological activity. Methods: The ethanolic extract was profiled by GC-MS and LC-QTOF-MS/MS, identifying diverse phytochemicals. The optimized oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared using high-energy emulsification followed by high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. Physicochemical characterization included droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and release profile. Biological activities were evaluated through cytotoxicity assays against Caco-2, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and A549 cancer cell lines, antibacterial screening, antioxidant testing, and anti-inflammatory validation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Network pharmacology analysis was performed to predict potential anti-inflammatory targets associated with the identified metabolites. Results: The optimized NE displayed nanoscale spherical droplets (51-73 nm), narrow polydispersity (PDI = 0.264), high negative zeta potential (-42.1 mV), and strong entrapment efficiency (96.2 ± 3.1%). A biphasic release profile reached ∼60% over eight days. The NE showed potent cytotoxicity against Caco-2, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and A549 cells (IC Conclusion: Collectively, this metabolomics-guided O. sanctum nanoemulsion represents a promising plant-derived nanosystem. This preliminary study demonstrates its potential anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. However, further detailed investigations, including more extensive in vitro studies as well as in vivo evaluations, are required to better elucidate its mechanisms, safety, and potential biological applications.
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