ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Disentangling depression in women with diabetes: evidence for measure-dependent associations with interleukin-4 and common inflammatory biomarkers.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Women living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) face elevated risks for depression and its consequences, including early mortality, yet depression is underrecognized in this population. Depression is a heterogeneous phenotype lacking objective diagnostic biomarkers, with symptoms spanning multiple inconsistently assessed dimensions across various measures. Converging evidence implicates inflammation in depression and links depression with T2D. Here, we explored associations between inflammation and various measures and dimensions of depressive symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional pilot study enrolled 38 women with T2D from the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) Bronx site from 2022-2023. Serum inflammatory biomarkers (hsCRP, INF- Results: Participants were on average 61.4 ( Conclusions: While preliminary, our findings suggest that associations between inflammatory biomarkers and depression may not be consistent across all depressive measures or symptom dimensions. Although larger samples with repeated measures are needed, findings from this exploratory study suggest that including inflammatory measures beyond hsCRP and IL-6, together with tools that capture distinct depressive symptom dimensions, may help to inform future precision mental health research.
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