Evidence mapPaperPMID 41939482Full record

ReviewFrontiers in oncology2026

Recent advances in drug repurposing for cancer immunomodulation emerging strategies, mechanistic insights, and clinical translation.

Jonaid Ahmad Malik, Hend Talkhan, Farhat Fatima, Umme Hani

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jonaid Ahmad MalikDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, India.
Hend TalkhanClinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Farhat FatimaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Umme HaniDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Drug repurposing is a significant strategy in drug discovery, as it saves substantial amounts of time and money. Drugs already approved for other diseases can be repurposed to target cancer. Cancer remains one of the most fatal diseases, and it still does not have a cure. Developing new drug molecules and advancing them from preclinical to clinical stages can take many years, whereas drug repurposing offers a faster alternative. Many repurposed drugs have already progressed to clinical trials. This paper highlights recent advances in how FDA-approved drugs modulate the immune system to enhance host-based immune responses against cancer, and describes the mechanistic pathways through which these drugs act on immune cells. This paper also discusses how targeting macrophages, immune checkpoints on T-Cells, and other immune cell populations can strengthen immunotherapy. In addition, the paper reviews drugs that have advanced to clinical stages and are showing promising results across different cancers, as well as the challenges associated with clinical translation. This paper outlines how drug repurposing can influence the immune system within the context of cancer chemotherapy.

Indexed as

cancerdrug repurposingimmunomodulationimmunotherapyoncology

Identifiers

PMID41939482
PMCPMC13046486

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.