Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41941276›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2026

Nasal CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells provide cross-protective immunity to influenza.

Nimitha R Mathew, Romain Gailleton, Lydia Scharf, Karin Schön, Josue Enriquez, Hannes Axelsson, Anneli Strömberg, Nils Lycke, Mats Bemark, Ka-Wei Tang and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Nimitha R MathewDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-3942-695X
Romain GailletonDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0009-0001-0543-3505
Lydia ScharfDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-1596-2208
Karin SchönDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0009-0008-3613-5819
Josue EnriquezDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0009-0007-1776-3011
Hannes AxelssonDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-1812-4453
Anneli StrömbergDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0001-5893-1738
Nils LyckeDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-1155-4861
Mats BemarkDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0001-7416-9819
Ka-Wei TangDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-1189-5092
Davide AngelettiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-5256-1972

Funding

Elisabeth Bollan Linden StipendEuropean Research Council 850638Gothenburg UniversityKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation 2021.0033Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation 2024.0097Sahlgrenska Academy GU2020/2376-JNR2020Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne FO2021-0249Stiftelsen Wilhelm och Martina Lundgrens Vetenskapsfond 2022-4074Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning PD20-0017Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning S21-0083Swedish Research Council 2021-01164Swedish Research Council 2021-01165
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are crucial adaptive immune components involved in preventing influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Despite their importance, their physiological role in the upper respiratory tract, the first site of contact with IAV, remains unclear. Here, we find that, after IAV infection, antigen-specific CD4 TRM persist in the nasal tissue (NT) compartment after infection and provide protection upon heterosubtypic challenge. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that NT CD4 TRM are heterogeneous and transcriptionally distinct as compared with their lung counterparts. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the CXCR6-CXCL16 axis promotes CD4 TRM residency in the NT. Furthermore, we show that the NT of mice and humans contains a high frequency of Th17 CD4 TRM that aid in local viral clearance and in reducing tissue damage. Collectively, our results support a robust physiological role for NT CD4 TRM in local protection during heterosubtypic IAV infection.

Indexed as

CD4-Positive T-LymphocytesImmunologic MemoryInfluenza A virusInfluenza, HumanMemory T CellsNasal MucosaOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsAnimalsFemaleHumansMiceMice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, CXCR6Th17 CellsCxcr6 protein, mouseReceptors, CXCR6

Identifiers

PMID41941276
PMCPMC13052815

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.