Evidence mapPaperPMID 41942612Full record

ArticleBritish journal of cancer2026

Significance of tumor infiltrating granulocytes and neutrophil extracellular traps in colorectal cancer.

Oskari Rahkola, Anne Tuomisto, Hanna Elomaa, Henna Karjalainen, Ville K Äijälä, Meeri Kastinen, Vilja V Tapiainen, Akseli Kehusmaa, Aino Ojanperä, Vesa-Matti Pohjanen and 15 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in British journal of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Oskari RahkolaDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Anne TuomistoDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-1887
Hanna ElomaaDepartment of Education and Research, Well Being Services County of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Henna KarjalainenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Ville K ÄijäläDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Meeri KastinenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Vilja V TapiainenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Akseli KehusmaaDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Aino OjanperäDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Vesa-Matti PohjanenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Maarit AhtiainenCentral Finland Biobank, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Well Being Services County of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Olli HelminenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Erkki-Ville WirtaDepartment of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
Jukka RintalaDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Sanna MeriläinenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Raila AroDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Reetta HäiväläDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Juha SaarnioDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Tero RautioDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Toni T SeppäläFaculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
Jan BöhmDepartment of Pathology, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Well Being Services County of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Jukka-Pekka MecklinDepartment of Education and Research, Well Being Services County of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Markus J MäkinenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4118
Juha P VäyrynenDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-2996
Päivi SirniöDepartment of Pathology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. paivi.sirnio@oulu.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3988-3782

Funding

Emil Aaltosen Säätiö (Emil Aaltonen Foundation) 220257PJane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö (Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation) 21002Suomen Lääketieteen Säätiö (Finnish Medical Foundation) 6021Syöpäsäätiö (Cancer Foundation Finland) 59-5619
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNeutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes in the tumor microenvironment and exert both pro- and anti-cancer effects. Activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that have been proposed to promote tumor progression and metastasis. We aimed to clarify the significance of NETs and granulocytes in colorectal cancer.

methodsOur study population consisted of three independent colorectal cancer cohorts (N = 1927). We identified NETs showing positivity for citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3) and granulocytes expressing CD66b (CEACAM8) with multiplex immunohistochemistry and used digital image analysis and machine learning tools to calculate their densities in tumor samples. Associations between NET and granulocyte densities with clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, prognosis, and systemic inflammation markers were examined.

resultsThe densities of Cit-H3

conclusionOur findings indicate that while neutrophil infiltration is associated with favorable colorectal cancer outcomes, the presence of intratumoral Cit-H3

Indexed as

Colorectal NeoplasmsExtracellular TrapsGranulocytesNeutrophilsAgedAntigens, CDCell Adhesion MoleculesFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsHistonesHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisTumor MicroenvironmentAntigens, CDCEACAM8 protein, humanCell Adhesion MoleculesGPI-Linked ProteinsHistones

Identifiers

PMID41942612
PMCPMC13226729

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.