ArticleBMC public health2026
"Is there a link between women's empowerment and childhood vaccination?": A multilevel analysis using the Philippines Demographic and Health Survey Data 2017 and 2022.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundChildhood vaccination reduces child mortality, morbidity, and improves developmental outcomes. In the Philippines, where vaccination rates are low, understanding sociocultural influences on childhood vaccination is essential. Given women’s crucial role in ensuring childhood vaccination, this study investigated the association of women’s empowerment with childhood vaccination.
methodsCross-sectional data were obtained from 6,186 partnered women aged 15–49 years who participated in the 2017/2022 Philippine Demographic and Health Surveys. Child vaccination status was assessed based on the self-reported receipt of vaccines in the Expanded Immunization Program of the Philippines. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to assess the influence of three domains of the Survey-based Women’s emPowERment (SWPER) Index on the outcome.
resultsWomen’s empowerment remained high in 2017 and 2022, while complete childhood vaccination remained low, rising marginally from 65.7% to 69.3%. At the municipality level, none of the empowerment domains were associated with childhood vaccination in either year. At the individual level, higher social independence increased complete childhood vaccination in both survey years (high social independence: aOR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.12–2.13) in 2017 and aOR = 1.58 (95% CI: 1.13–2.20) for medium and aOR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.13–2.20) for high social independence in 2022). Decision-making power showed no association with childhood vaccination in either year (p > 0.05), while lower tolerance to violence was positively associated with the outcome in 2017 only aOR = 2.10 (95% CI: 1.08–4.06) for low and aOR = 2.42 (95% CI:1.21–4.83) for medium tolerance to violence.
conclusionEnabling conditions for partnered women were the most important empowerment predictor of childhood vaccination, highlighting the importance of investment in gender-equitable human capital development, such as improving women’s education.
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