Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41948621›Full record

ArticleHealth science reports2026

From Immunization to Autoimmunity: A Deep Dive Into Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions-A Narrative Review.

Mohammad Javad Yousefi-Hashemabad, Saeed Hashemi, Kiarash Saleki, Seyed Mohamad Kazem Nourbakhsh, Andia Saleki, Zahra Hassanzadeh, Abbas Azadmehr

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mohammad Javad Yousefi-HashemabadStudent Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran.
Saeed HashemiStudent Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran.
Kiarash SalekiNetwork of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran.
Seyed Mohamad Kazem NourbakhshDepartment of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran.
Andia SalekiStudents' Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
Zahra HassanzadehStudent Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran.
Abbas AzadmehrCellular and Molecular Biology Research Center Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-9885

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background and Aims: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) emerged in 2019 from Wuhan, China, leading to the accelerated development of vaccines, which have proven instrumental in controlling the spread of the virus. While vaccination ceased the increasing trend of the viral infection, rare adverse autoimmune events emerged as important considerations. The present review captures the current evidence on reported cases of post-COVID-19 vaccination autoimmune and clinical presentations and their potential immunological mechanisms. We aim to inform healthcare providers about the spectrum of potential vaccine-related autoimmune responses, support timely diagnosis, and suggest considerations for patient management. Methods: We comprehensively searched Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed to find relevant studies on autoimmune events after COVID-19 vaccination. We prioritized studies that help understand the mechanisms, manifestations, and clinical management of autoimmune events associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Since this is a narrative review, we synthesized findings qualitatively from diverse study types, such as case reports and cohort studies, with no formal reanalysis and pooling. Results: Although causality relationship needs more studies for clarification, we found an increasing trend of reporting COVID-19 vaccine-associated autoimmune events, such as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), Guillain-Barré (GBS), Graves' disease (GD), and autoimmune hepatitis (AH). We reported clinical manifestations, risk factors for developing the disease, and the importance of proper management in each autoimmune disease. Finally, we guided future investigation to clarify the risk factors and mechanistic pathways linking COVID-19 vaccination to autoimmune responses to have safer vaccinations in the future. Conclusion: Autoimmune reactions to COVID-19 vaccination are rare but need consideration. We suggest that each of these events can be controlled through personalized risk assessment and management of the autoimmune events. This aim can be achieved by focusing on unique aspects of post-vaccine autoimmune events, using novel approaches, risk assessors, and predictor tools such as AI-based analysis of predictive biomarkers.

Indexed as

autoimmunityCOVID‐19 vaccinationvaccines

Identifiers

PMID41948621
PMCPMC13052061

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.