SynthesisThe oncologist2026
Outcomes of immunotherapy in medulloblastoma: a systematic review.
Synthesis in The oncologist, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMedulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Medulloblastoma has intrinsic characteristics that pose significant challenges to effective immunotherapy. Nevertheless, several clinical trials have explored immunotherapeutic strategies in patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma. This systematic review aimed to synthesize all immunotherapy modalities investigated in medulloblastoma patients and reported clinical outcomes.
methodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to 30 June 2025 using the terms "immunotherapy" and ("brain tumor," "pediatric brain tumor," or "medulloblastoma"). Original articles, clinical trials, and conference abstracts evaluating any immunotherapeutic intervention in patients with medulloblastoma were included. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools.
resultsFifty-six studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing at least 183 patients with medulloblastoma. Nearly half were Phase I trials (24/56, 43%), and 18% (10/56) were non-trial designs. Among the 29 studies reporting clinical outcomes, adoptive cellular therapies in combination regimens (7/29, 24%) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (6/29, 21%) were most frequently evaluated. Overall, clinical benefit was limited. Median overall survival ranged from 1.29 to 47 months, and median progression-free survival from 0.79 to 11 months. Progressive disease was reported in 40 patients, partial responses in 13, and complete responses in three patients.
conclusionsDespite increasing trial activity, immunotherapy has shown modest efficacy in patients with medulloblastoma. Interpretation is limited by small cohorts, heterogeneity, and inconsistent reporting of outcomes. Future studies should prioritize rational antigen selection, molecular subgroup stratification, and improved trial design.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.