Trial reportClinical interventions in aging2026
A Body-Driven Mind: Effects of Conventional and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Physiotherapy on Cognitive Function in Older Orthopedic Patients.
Trial report in Clinical interventions in aging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the effects of exercise-based rehabilitation on cognitive functions in orthopedic patients and compared conventional rehabilitation with a protocol supplemented by physical activity (PA) performed in a non-immersive virtual reality (nIVR) environment. Materials and Methods: A three-week exercise-based intervention was conducted among 48 orthopedic patients with lower limb joint dysfunctions (mean age 69.9 ± 4.8 years) hospitalized at the AccessMedica Rehabilitation Center. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the control group (CG; n = 24), which completed a standard kinesiotherapy and physical therapy program, and the experimental group (EG; n = 24), which, in addition to standard therapy, participated in three 30-minute nIVR-based PA sessions per week using interactive applications. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III)-version A before and version B after the intervention. The intensity of nIVR-based PA was monitored by heart rate telemetry, and participants' perceived enjoyment was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Results: A significant improvement in overall cognitive performance was observed only in the EG following the intervention (p < 0.004, d = -0.643). Significant enhancements were found in attention (p = 0.004) and verbal fluency (p = 0.039). In contrast, patients undergoing conventional rehabilitation demonstrated no statistically significant pro-cognitive effects. The intensity of nIVR-based PA corresponded to a moderate level or close to its upper limit, and participants reported high enjoyment of this form of exercise. Conclusion: Supplementing conventional exercise-based rehabilitation with VR-supported physical activity sessions yields superior outcomes in attention and verbal fluency as well as higher overall cognitive results compared to standard rehabilitation programs. Moreover, VR-assisted exercise therapy is perceived by orthopedic patients as highly engaging, while its exercise intensity remains within the range recommended for health benefits in both physical and psychological domains.
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