SynthesisOncotarget2026
Efficacy and safety of PD-1/ PD-L1 inhibitors as adjuvants in the treatment of patients with solid cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Oncotarget, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors across solid tumors: a meta-analysis of phase II-III randomized trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Copyright: © 2026 Aleid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. BACKGROUND/
objectivesProgrammed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are widely used in cancer treatment. Their benefit as adjuvant therapy in solid tumors is still being defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors as adjuvant treatment in patients with solid tumors.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in accordance with PRISMA recommendations and PROSPERO registration CRD42024563699. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials published in English that evaluated adjuvant PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in solid cancers.
resultsThirteen randomized controlled trials published between 2021 and 2023 were included. Adjuvant PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors improved disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0.75; 95% CI 0.65–0.86) and distant metastasis-free survival (hazard ratio 0.69; 95% CI 0.54–0.87). No clear difference in overall survival was observed. Trial-level subgroup sizes varied across cancer types.
conclusionsAdjuvant PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors improve disease-free and distant metastasis-free survival in selected patients with high-risk solid tumors. The clinical benefit must be balanced against higher toxicity rates. Because the number of studies within each cancer type remains limited, the strength of cancer-specific conclusions is restricted, and further research is required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.