Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41957664›Full record

ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2026

MIND-NL diet adherence moderates the relation of low-grade systemic inflammation with neuroinflammatory metabolites and cognitive functioning: an exploratory cross-sectional study in older adults.

Lianne B Remie, Mark R van Loenen, Mara P H van Trijp, Ilke G S de Lange, Yannick Vermeiren, Jurriaan J Mes, Nicolaas A Puts, Joukje M Oosterman, Esther Aarts

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Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Lianne B RemieDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. lianne.remie@donders.ru.nl.
Mark R van LoenenDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Mara P H van TrijpDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Ilke G S de LangeDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Yannick VermeirenDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Jurriaan J MesWageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Nicolaas A PutsDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Joukje M OostermanDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Esther AartsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Funding

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek MOCIA 17611
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundObservational studies have linked high adherence to the “Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay” (MIND) diet to improved cognitive functions in older adults. The underlying peripheral and central mechanisms of this association remain poorly understood, although multiple nutrients in the MIND diet are known for their anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we explored the cross-sectional relation between MIND diet adherence (Dutch version), systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive functioning in older adults. In addition, we examined the role of intestinal barrier permeability in MIND diet associations with (neuro)inflammation.

methodsWe included 88 older adults (60–75 year) at risk of cognitive decline. MIND-NL diet adherence was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein levels, white blood cell-counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) and intestinal barrier permeability (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, zonulin, and lipopolysaccharide) markers were measured in blood. Neuroinflammation-associated metabolites (myo-inositol, choline and creatine) were measured in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Cognitive functioning was assessed with a neuropsychological test battery.

resultsLinear models showed that both MIND diet adherence and systemic inflammation did not predict neuroinflammation or cognition independently. However, MIND diet adherence significantly moderated the relation between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation (β=-0.22, p = 0.04) as well as between systemic inflammation and cognition (β = 0.22, p = 0.02). Specifically, in individuals with lower MIND diet adherence (identified as scores ≤ 7), systemic inflammation was positively related to neuroinflammation, and negatively to cognition. Similarly, MIND diet adherence significantly moderated the relation between intestinal barrier permeability and neuroinflammation (β=-0.28, p = 0.05). Finally, within participants with lower MIND diet adherence (median split at ≤ 8.75), systemic inflammation mediated the relation between the intestinal barrier permeability and neuroinflammation (path coefficient = 0.427 [0.072; 0.891], p = 0.04).

conclusionOur findings show that MIND diet adherence modulates inflammation-brain relationships in aging, with detrimental associations between systemic inflammation and both neuroinflammation and cognitive functioning observed only in individuals with lower adherence. Moreover, MIND diet adherence similarly modulates the systemic inflammation-mediated relationship between intestinal barrier permeability and neuroinflammation. These findings should be confirmed in randomized controlled trials.

Indexed as

CognitionDietary Approaches To Stop HypertensionDiet, MediterraneanInflammationNeuroinflammatory DiseasesPatient ComplianceAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedAgeingCognitionCross-sectionalDietary patternIntestinal-barrier permeabilityMIND dietNeuroinflammationSystemic inflammation

Identifiers

PMID41957664
PMCPMC13220514

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.