ArticleJMA journal2026
Sex Differences in Age-Related Changes in the Extracellular Water-to-Total Body Water Ratio among Community-Dwelling Individuals.
Article in JMA journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 revised its diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, highlighting the importance of evaluating not only skeletal muscle mass but also muscle quality. Recently, the extracellular water-to-total body water ratio (ECW/TBW) has gained attention as an indicator of muscle quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex differences in the effect of aging on ECW/TBW in community-dwelling individuals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among community-dwelling males and females (aged ≥20 years). A total of 824 participants (345 males, 479 females) were included. ECW/TBW was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Associations between age and ECW/TBW were analyzed separately for males and females using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Participants were categorized into three age groups: 20-39 years, 40-64 years, and ≥65 years. Among males (n = 345), the age groups 20-39, 40-64, and ≥ 65 years comprised 124, 128, and 93 participants, respectively. Among females (n = 479), the corresponding numbers were 94, 164, and 221 participants, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare ECW/TBW among the three groups for both males and females. Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the significance when the main effect was confirmed in the Kruskal-Wallis test. In addition, a two-way analysis of variance was performed on ECW/TBW with age group and sex as factors. Results: Correlation analyses revealed a significant positive association between age and ECW/TBW in both males (ρ = 0.733, p < 0.001) and females (ρ = 0.684, p < 0.001). For both males and females, a main effect of age on ECW/TBW was observed among the three groups. In addition, for both males and females, the ECW/TBW in the ≥65-year group was significantly higher than in the 20-39 and 40-64-year groups. ECW/TBW showed a significant interaction between age group and sex (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that age is positively related to ECW/TBW in community-dwelling males and females. Additionally, the influence of aging on ECW/TBW was more pronounced in males than in females. Based on our findings, assessing ECW/TBW is important for capturing age-related changes.
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