ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Dissecting tumor heterogeneity in colorectal cancer: uncovering the role of BCL2L1
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent gastrointestinal malignancies with liver metastasis being the primary cause of CRC-related death. Although surgical and chemotherapeutic interventions continue to improve, patients with hepatic metastases frequently experience recurrence and limited treatment benefits. Liver metastasis is driven by tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion. Therefore, defining the cellular composition of CRC liver metastases may help identify new therapeutic targets. Methods: Primary CRC and liver metastasis samples were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Seurat was used for quality control, dimensionality reduction, clustering, and cell annotation, and Harmony corrected batch effects. Differential expression with GO, KEGG, and GSEA was performed for enrichment. Copy number variation analysis using inferCNV (v1.1) distinguished malignant from non-malignant cells, with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and epithelial cells (EPCs) as reference populations. CytoTRACE and Slingshot characterized tumor differentiation trajectories, while CellChat and pySCENIC constructed cell communication and transcriptional regulatory networks. The key factor Results: scRNA-seq identified five CRC tumor cell subtypes, among which the C4 Conclusion: This study revealed that the C4
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