Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41958725›Full record

ReviewAsia Pacific allergy2026

Immunonutrition: Feeding the gut, skin, and immune system.

Klaudia Ryczaj, Ruby Pawankar, Carina Venter

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Asia Pacific allergy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Klaudia RyczajPediatric Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-6944
Ruby PawankarNippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
Carina VenterUniversity of Colorado/Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-5355

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Early life is a critical period for the maturation of the gut microbiota, epithelial barriers, and immune system. Disruption of gut and skin barrier integrity during this window is increasingly recognized as a key mechanism contributing to the development of allergic diseases. Objective: This review summarizes evidence on how infant dietary patterns and macronutrients influence epithelial barriers, microbiota development, and immune programming for allergy prevention. Methods: A comprehensive search and analysis of current literature regarding macronutrients, including carbohydrates and fiber, proteins, and fats, dietary diversity, and Western-type dietary patterns, was conducted to explore their collective effects on epithelial barrier function, microbiota, and immune outcomes during pregnancy and early life. Particular attention was given to complementary feeding. Results: Dietary composition significantly influences epithelial barrier integrity and immune development through direct nutritional effects and microbiota-mediated pathways. Dietary fibers and human milk oligosaccharides promote short-chain fatty acid production and microbial diversity, strengthening epithelial junctions, mucus secretion, and regulatory immune responses. Adequate protein intake supports epithelial renewal, while microbial metabolism of amino acids such as tryptophan and branched-chain fatty acids enhances barrier integrity and immune homeostasis. Dietary fats critically shape epithelial lipid composition, with balanced omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids supporting barrier resilience, whereas excess saturated and trans fats promote dysbiosis and inflammation. Furthermore, greater dietary diversity during pregnancy and infancy correlates with enhanced microbial maturation and reduced atopic risk. Conversely, Western-type diets rich in ultra-processed foods and additives disrupt epithelial barriers and promote pro-inflammatory immune programming with long-lasting consequences beyond infancy. Conclusions: Optimizing maternal and early life nutrition through breastfeeding support, timely and diverse complementary feeding, adequate intake of fiber, high-quality proteins and fats, and avoidance of Western-type dietary patterns represents a promising strategy to support gut and skin barrier and to reduce the risk of allergic diseases across the lifespan.

Indexed as

Dietepithelial barriergut-skin axisimmunonutritioninfants

Identifiers

PMID41958725
PMCPMC13060806

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.