Evidence mapPaperPMID 41959563Full record

ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026

Proteomic signatures of COVID-19 Post-Vaccination/Post-Infection Syndrome (PV/PIS): insights into immune dysregulation and coagulopathy.

Maxine Waters, Mare Vlok, Elouise E Kroon, Maritha J Kotze, Kelebogile E Moremi, Sunday O Oladejo, Kanshukan Rajaratnam, Jean M Nunes, Chantelle Venter, Chantelle J Scott and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Maxine WatersDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Mare VlokDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Elouise E KroonSouth African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
Maritha J KotzeDivision of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
Kelebogile E MoremiDivision of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
Sunday O OladejoSchool for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Kanshukan RajaratnamSchool for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Jean M NunesDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Chantelle VenterDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Chantelle J ScottDivision of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
Douglas B KellDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Etheresia PretoriusDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: During the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, a subset of individuals reported persistent symptoms following vaccination, with clinical presentations overlapping those of Long COVID and requiring individualised treatment strategies. Distinguishing between vaccine-related adverse events and post-infectious sequelae is challenging, particularly given the potential for unrecognised asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection before or after vaccination. To address this complexity, we defined our disease cohort as individuals experiencing persistent symptoms ( Methods: In this study, we conducted a plasma proteomic analysis of digested microclot deposits isolated from platelet-poor plasma samples of 14 individuals with PV/PIS compared to 16 healthy controls, using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: We identified significant alterations in coagulation factors, acute phase proteins, and immune response modulators in the PV/PIS group compared to controls. Notably, elevated levels of serum amyloid A1 and A2, attractin, and coagulation factors X and XI were observed, alongside downregulation of immune-regulatory proteins. These findings suggest that PV/PIS is characterised by persistent immune dysregulation and coagulopathy. Conclusions: This proteomic signature was found to only partially overlap with that previously reported in a proteomics analysis on Long COVID samples, collected prior to vaccination availability. Our results highlight the complex interplay between immune activation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation pathologies in PV/PIS, with distinct differences detected between these systems in Long COVID and PV/PIS, paving the way for more targeted protein research in these conditions.

Indexed as

Blood Coagulation DisordersCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesProteomeProteomicsVaccinationAcute-Phase ProteinsAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeSARS-CoV-2Acute-Phase ProteinsCOVID-19 VaccinesProteomeheterogenous amyloid deposits (microclots)inflammatory moleculesLong COVIDproteomicsPV/PIS

Identifiers

PMID41959563
PMCPMC13056885

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.