ArticleResearch square2026
Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Findings from a Case-Control Study in Vietnam.
Article in Research square, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Liver cancer with a major type of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cancer worldwide and in Vietnam, a low-and -middle income country in the Southeast Asia. While hepatitis B infection is an established risk factor little is known about other non-viral factors for HCC risk. We, therefore, conducted a hospital-based case-control study among 30 HCC patients and 118 healthy controls in Hanoi, Vietnam. Methods: HCC was confirmed histopathologically while healthy controls were recruited at the same time in the same locations as HCC cases. Unconditional logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HCC in relations with potential risk factors. Results: Overall, age, sex, diabetes status, platelet, INR, AST, ALT, GGT, albumin, HDL, FIB-4 score, total bilirubin, and AST/ALT ratio were associated with increased risk of HCC. The ORs and respective 95% Cis were 1.08 (1.04-1.12) (per age incremental); 8.72 (3.04-24.95) (male vs. female); 10.05 (1.2-84.03) (diabetes compared with no-diabetes); 32.65 (6.6-161.44) (INR>1.0 compared with ≤1.0); 14.29 (4.52-45.25) (AST Conclusions: Our findings, for the first time, provided evidence of non-viral important risk factors for HCC in Vietnam.
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