Polydopamine-based Surface Modifications for Tissue Engineering and Biosensing: From Understanding Chemistry to Diverse Applications.

In 2007, researchers were intrigued with how effectively saltwater mussels were able to attach to seemingly any surface, looked further into how this was possible, and developed polydopamine (PDA). The polymerized form of a common neurotransmitter, dopamine, PDA adhesive protein has become known as a powerful biomaterial with broad applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensing, and antibacterial technologies. Its robust adhesion, due to catechol and amine groups, allows uniform coating on various types of surfaces and enhances properties such as bioactivity, corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength. In this review paper, we aim to look at the last 17 years of research around PDA and to examine its applications, particularly in the biomedical field. Additionally, we have focused on how 3D printing and incorporation into biosensing devices could allow for an even wider range of manufactured products within the biomedical industry that use PDA as a primary component. PDA-coated 3D-printed scaffolds show great biocompatibility and osteogenic potential, providing innovative solutions for bone, neural, and cardiac tissue engineering. In drug delivery, PDA enables controlled release and photothermal therapies, enhancing cancer treatment precision while decreasing side effects. PDA's antibacterial efficacy and biosensing applications are also discussed.